Practicum Report

PRACTICUM REPORT

PLANT MORPHOLOGY
OBSERVING SOME GENERAL PROPERTIES OF STEM (CAULIS)

 

  

By :

Asri Arum Sari (12222014)

Lecture :

Delima Engga Maretha, S.Pd, M.Kes

Darminiyanti, M. Pd

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY TADRIS
FACULTY EDUCATION AND TEACHING
STATE ISLAMIC INSTITUTE (IAIN)

RADEN FATAHPALEMBANG
2013

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1    Background

Plant is one pillar of human life is very important. In addition, the plant also has a very important role for the development of living things. Each plant has roots, stems and leaves. Each has a major function in the growth of a plant. Plant science has progressed so rapidly, to the areas of knowledge which was originally just a branch plant science course, now it has become a science of growing their own. Of the various branches of science that has stood alone is Morphology Plant. Plant morphology study the shape and composition of any plant body has been so rapid in its development to become a separate external morphology or morphology (morphology in sensu stricto = in the narrow sense) or anatomy and morphology in plants (Anonymous, 2011).

In the body there are kormus plants and their parts. Kormus a plant body that is clear evidence of differentiation in three main parts, namely: root (radix), stem (caulis), leaves (folium) (Tjitrosoepomo, 2011).

In this case that will be discussed is the stems. Stems are parts of a plant that is very important. And remember the place and position of the stem to the plant body. Stems can be equated with the axis of the plant body. Stem main function is to support the parts above ground parts of the plant, especially the leaves, as a liaison between the roots and the leaves. As a supporter of the leaves in an attempt to get a light, plants generally have a stem, or at least have upright branches and many other functions. Thus we need to understand more deeply about the nature of the stem.

1.2      Destination

The purpose of this lab is to know and understand some general properties of the stem.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Definition of Stem

Parts of a plant stem is very important. And remember the place and position of the stem to the plant body. Stems can be likened to a plant body axis (Tjirosoepomo, 2011). Stem is one part of the plant body. In addition to the sticking place leaves, flowers and fruits, stems also serves as a road transport of water and mineral substances dissolved in it. In some plants, the stem is used as a place to store food reserves. Stems grow at the growing point, which is the apex meristem (bud). Of the meristem would have resulted with leaves early-shaped bulge, then expanding faster than the tip of the stem itself, so that the leaves will cover the apical meristem (Kusdianti, 2012).

The main function is to support the stem portion above ground parts of the plant, especially the leaves, as a liaison between the roots and the leaves. As a supporter of the leaves in an attempt to get a light, plants generally have a stem, or at least have upright branches. At the plant upright. In plants, the stems slender or weak multiple stems are efforts to enforce, climb with adhesive root (betel), tendrils (pea), spines (bogenvi l). Leaves attached to the stem in his book. In monocot leaf attachment is wider than the attachment of the dicotyledonous leaves, because they on the books generally monocots seem obvious, while monocots have some kind of prominent books (bamboo, cane) (Moertolo, 1999).

The stem of which two books called segments. The book is a book where axillary buds sprout. The shoot buds on a particular plant does not grow at all (sago) or just growing form of interest (oil) thus forming stem unbranched stems, monokaul. In general, axillary buds can develop to form branches, and flowers, in different ways to form a tree architecture is very diverse. Certain types of angiosperms can develop or add to the stem function, for example: photosynthesis (kladodium: jakang, cactus), storage of food reserves (rhizome / rhizomes: galangal, ginger, stem tubers: potatoes) (Moertolo, 1999).

2.2    Properties of Stem

In general, the stem has the following properties (Tjitrosoepomo, 2011):

a.       Generally shaped like a cylinder or round length may also have other forms, but always be aktinomorf, meaning that the number of fields can be divided into two symmetric parts.

b.      Consists of segments, each of which is limited by the books, and the books here are leaves.

c.       The growth usually upwards, towards the light is fototrop / heliotrope.

d.      Always get longer in the end. So-called stems have unlimited growth.

e.       Hold for branching and plant life is not aborted, but sometimes a small branch or twig.

f.       Generally not green, unless the plant is short. For example, grass and young stems.

2.3    Function Of Stem

Function of stem, among others:

a.       Support the parts of a plant that is above ground, the flowers, leaves, and fruit

b.      Expanding the field of assimilation with branches and placing the parts of plants in space such that in terms of the interests of plant parts were found in the most favorable position.

c.       As road transport of water and nutrients from the ground up and haul road assimilation results from top to bottom.

d.      Being a landfill reserve food substances (Tjitrosoepomo, 2011).

2.4    Kinds of Stem

If we look at the different types of plants, it can be divided into:

1.    Plants are Not Stemed (Planta Acaulis)

Stemed plant was not actually there, just seems to be no because the stem is very short, so that all the leaves seemed to come out of the top of the compact roots and each other is a rosette (rosula). Example in mustard (Brassica jruncea) and radish (Raphanus sativus) (Tjitrosoepomo, 2011).

2.      Stemed Plant

That plant is clearly visible as we encounter stem plants in general. Stemed plants are distinguished as follows (Tjitrosoepomo, 2011):

1.      Wet bar (herbaceus), which stems soft and watery. For example, in spinach (Amaranthus spinosus).

2.      Woody stems (lignosus), which is the usual stem hard and strong, due largely made ​​up of wood found on the trees (Arbores) and shrubs (frutices) in general.

3.      Grass stem (calmus), which is not that hard stem, have segments - segments are real and often hollow. For example, in rice ( Oriza sativa) and grasses (Gramineae).

4.      Stem mendong (Calamus), such as grass stems but sections - ruasnya longer. For example, in rushes (Fimbistylis globusa).

2.5    Shape of Stem

Based on the shape, the stem can be divided into as follows:

1.    Stems round (teres) with an example, namely coconut (Cocos nucifera L), betel nut (Areca catechu L), yellow bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris L), sugar (Arenga pinata Merr) and Gebang (Corypha elata Roxb)

2.    Stem angular (angular) can be divided into:

a.       Triangle (triangularis) for example puzzles (Cyperus rotundus L)

b.      Quadrilateral (quadrangularis) for example is slobber (Coleus scutellarioides Benth) and passion fruit (Passiflora quaransgularis L)

3.    Flat stem, flat and then widened usually resemble green leaves and takes over the function of leaves. Stems which are thus named:

a.       Filokladia (Phyllocladium) is very flat stems have limited growth. Examples are jakang (Muahlenbeckia platyclada Meissn)

b.      Kladodia (Cladodium) ie if it is still growing steadily and holding branching. Examples are cactus (Opuntia vulgaris Mill) (Tji t rosoepomo, 2011).

2.6    Surface of Stem

Seen surface, stem plants also showed that a variety such as:

a.       Slippery (Leavis) Sample corn stalks (Zea mays L).

b.      Ribbed (costatus) example in slobber (Coleus scutellarioides Benth)

c.       Grooved (sulcatus) example in (Cereus peruvianus L)

d.      Winged (alatus) example in passion fruit (Passiflora quadrangularis L)

e.       Headed (pilosus) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L)

f.       Spiked (spinous) on roses (Rosa sp)

g.      Shows traces of leaves, for example in papaya (Carica papaya L)

h.      Showed traces of leaf leverage, for example in the breadfruit tree (Artocarpus communis Forst)

i.        Shows many lenticels, for example on sengon (Albizzia stipulata Boiv)

j.        The liberation crust (part dead bark) such as guava (Psidium guajava L) (Tjitrosoepomo, 2011).

2.7    Directions Growing Stems

Although as has been discussed earlier that the stem generally grows in the direction towards the light, leaving the soil and water, but the direction may show variations and related to the nature of the growth of differentiated stem (Rosanti, 2013):

a.       Perpendicular (Homo), ie if him straight up, such as papaya (Carica papaya L),

b.      Hanging (dependens, pendulus), for example, species of orchids (Orchidaceae) and Zebrina pendula Schnitzl.

c.       Lying, for example on watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad),

d.      Creeping or crawling (repens), for example, the stem of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir),

e.       Oblique up / leaning (ascending), for example on the stem peanut (Arachis hypogaea L),

f.       Nodding (nutans) such as sunflower (Helianthus annuus L),

g.      Climb (scandens), grown by using support. Investigations can be inanimate objects or other plants, and at times went up stems using special tools to "hold" on supporting this, for example with (Rosanti, 2013):

1.      Adhesive root, for example betel (Piper betle L),

2.      Convolution root, for example vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andr)

3.      Convolution branch, for example grapes (Vitis vinifera L),

4.      Leaf flower convolution for example breech (Gloriosa superba L) .

h.      Convolute (volubilis). According to the directions melilitnya distinguished into stem mbelit left me (sinistrorsum volubilis). For example in telang flower (Clitoria ternatea L) and m embelit to the right (dextrorsum volubilis). For example yam (Dioscorea hispida Dennst) (Tjitrosoepomo, 2011).

2.8    Branching In Stem

How fork is diverse, typically distinguished three kinds of branching ways, namely (Tjitrosoepomo, 2011):

1. Monopodial main stem is always apparent, because the larger and longer than the branches, for example, the pine tree (Casuarina equisetifolia L),
2. Simpodial, difficult to distinguish main stem with branches. For example, the brown manila (Achras zapota L),
3. Menggarpu or dichotomous, branching stems that way every time forked into two branches of the same magnitude. For example, the nail andam (Gleichenia linearis) .

The branches on a plant can vary in nature, therefore the branches can be distinguished as follows:

1. Geragih is small branches that grow
2. Creeping and from his books up and down the roots grow. Buds on these books and their roots can each separately be a new crop. Such branches are divided again into two kinds: above the ground, for example a horse foot leaves (Centella asiatica Urb) and Arbe (Fragraria vesca L) above ground are examples of puzzles (Cyperus rotundus L) and potato ( Solanum tuberosum L)
3. Shoots water or wiwilan (virga singular) is a branch that usually grows rapidly and long segmented and often from sleeping buds or buds wild. Examples of coffee (Coffea arabica L) and cocoa (Theobroma cacao L)
4. Sulphurous long branches that usually is a supporter of the leaves, and has sections are quite long. In such branches does not pstemuce interest, therefore, often called sterile or sterile branches.
5. Short sulphurous ie small branches with short segments that besides supporting the normally supportive of flowers and fruit. Branches which can result in the proliferation of tools (flowers and fruit) also called a tau fertile branch called the fertile branches (Tji t rosoepomo, 2011).

2.9    Special stem

Such as leaves, stems often also experience a metamorphosis in accordance with its function changed. Stem-shaped spines can, for example, tendrils, resembling the leaves, bulbs and others. Stems and thorns thorn branches derived from the metamorphosis branch morphology, the same branch with the stem values. Like the usual branches, thorn branches located diketiak leaves, and often still supporting leaf leaves flowers or even rudimentary. For example, there is a branch of thorns on Bougoinvillea. Stem tendrils also out of the armpit leaves, and often still mnyangga remnants of leaves or flowers, for example stem tendrils examples in almost all family Cucurbitaceae, Passifloraceae family, angguar plants (Vitis vinifera), tear bride (Antigonon leptopus) etc (Tjitrosomo, 1983)

Staples is a form of the spines and tendrils, hard as thorns, but berpilih select such short tendrils. Staples found in plant Gambir (Uncaria gambier). At first, it serves staples sebgai Pengga branch system of compound interest or inflorescence. If its flower has fallen, staples diginakan to climb. Phyllocladium or cladodium is the stem or branch that takes over the function of the leaf because it leaves undergo further reduction or turned into thorns. Stem mimics the shape, width becomes flat as the Opentia cactus, cactus Epiphyllum sp. Muehlenbeckia platyclada, Asparagus sprengerii. On Asparagus plumosus branch does not become flat, but to expand the branch surface repeatedly branching so entirely similar to the finned double leaf. The flowers and fruit dibentu on this filokladium. Asparagus leaves turned into a real thorn (Tjitrosomo, 1983).

Stolon is again long slender branches, can reach over one meter grows laterally on the ground or in the ground, then at the stolon end dibuentuk new plants. When the new plant has enough leaves, and roots so that it can stand alone, then it will die broken stolons. So stolon function for vegetative repstemuction. Stolon that grow above the ground there is for example in plants erbei or strawberries (Fragraria sp). Stolon that runs underground for example found in the weeds (Imperata cylindrical), Agave, Hieracium aurantiacum (Tjitrosomo , 1983).

Tuber is a branch or stem tubers that grow underground, big bulging and used to store food reserves, thus growing up books no longer visible. Kormus or umbisi is short upright stems below ground, can be thick and fleshy, for example terdapt on Gladiolus, Begonia particular. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is an example of a very common and widely eaten in tropical areas. Rhizomes or rhizome we find on Zingiberaceace. Here tadak own natural stem appears above ground, but grow horizontally under the ground with short nodes, and leaves a tangible leaf scales scales. Bring regular new leaf to leaf photosynthesis on land. Dried rhizome is used to store food reserves, except on Zingiberaceace, dried rhizome grass found in plants, Canna, Sansevierra. Berpungsi stem special store water contained in the cactus, agave and so forth (Tjitrosomo, 1983).

CHAPTER III

PRACTICAL METHODOLOGY

3.1    Time and Place

Plant Morphology lab entitled Observing Some Genereal Properties of Stem held, on Tuesday, November 26, 2013 15:00 to 16:40 pm. Implementation of this lab is housed in the Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Education and Teaching Biology Program Tadris State Islamic Institute (IAIN) Raden Fatah Palembang.

3.2    Tools and Materials

3.2.1        Tool

As for tools tools used in the lab are time loops, microscope, colored pencils, ruler, cutter, and A4 paper

3.2.2        Material

The materials used in this lab time is a stem old teak, stem young teak (Tectona grandis L), stem old Cane, stem young cane (Saccharum officinarum L).

3.3    How it Works

1.      Take the stem young teak with a few leaves that still cling to observe its properties, then create a picture.

2.      Give information on the image that you created with the shoot apex shows, books, roads, leaves, and axillary buds.

3.      Make a cross-section of the stem of teak earlier, about 10-20 cm below the shoot apex.

4.      Draw chart trickle of earlier pieces and show properties aktinomorf transverse stem on the chart that you created.

5.      Make sectional longitudinal (lengthwise) shoot apex region, then draw bagannya observe and give testimony to the show will be leaves, axillary buds and apical meristems. Use loops, binocular microscope to facilitate your observations.

6.      Do the same (1-5) for sugarcane.

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1    Result

The Plant Morphology lab results Observing Some Properties of General Stems are as follows:

Stem Young Teak (Tectona grandis L)

Stem Old Teak (Tectona grandis L)

Stem Young Cane (Saccharum officinarum L)

Stem Old Cane (Saccharum officinarum L)

4.2    Discussion

From the above results it can obtain some general properties of stems that have been observed between them.

1.      Stem Young Teak (Tectona grandis L)

The first stem is observed that the stem of young teak (Tectona grandis L) has the morphological characteristics triangular shape is rectangular stem (quadrangularis), surface-haired stem (pilosus) and also there are white spots called lenticels on young stems but not too obvious , and the stem has joints (internodus) and books (nodes), there will be leaves (primordia), the direction perpendicular to the stem grows (Homo) that if him straight up, kind of stem that is clear stemed plants with woody stems types (lignosus) is the usual stem hard and strong, because it consists mostly of wood that are usually found in trees or bushes, has a branching pattern simpodial main stem is difficult to determine because of the subsequent development may then stop growing (Tjitrosoepomo 2011 ) and have the stem color chartreuse.

2.    Stem Old Teak (Tectona grandis L)

The second stem is observed that the stem old teak (Tectona grandis L) has morphological characteristics that have a stem shape that round (teres), on the surface of old teak stem shows have many lenticels and stem segments (internodus) longer than the stem of teak young and there is also a book (nodes) are clearly visible, the direction perpendicular to the stem grows (Homo) that if him straight up, kind of stem that is clear stemed plant with woody stem types (lignosus) is the usual stem hard and strong, due largely made ​​up of wood that are usually found in trees or shrubs, branching pattern simpodial main stem is difficult to determine because of the subsequent development may then stop growing (Tjitrosoepomo, 2011) and have the color of old teak brown stems white.

3.    Stem Young Cane (Saccharum officinarum L)

The third stem was observed that young sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L) has morphological characteristics that have a stem shape that round (teres), the surface is slippery stem (laevis), at the end of the stem there will be leaves (primordia) and stems also have segments (internodu s) are short, the direction perpendicular to the stem grows (Homo) that if him straight up, kind of stem that is clear stemed plants with this type of stem rushes (Calamus) is like grass stems but sections have a longer , has a monopodial branching pattern ie if main stem always apparent because the larger and longer (pertumbuhanya faster) than the branches (Tjitrosoepomo, 2011) and have the stem color greenish white.

4.    Stem Old Cane (Saccharum officinarum L)

The fourth stem was observed that the old sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L) has morphological characteristics that have a stem shape that round (teres), the surface is slippery stem (laevis) and has a segment (internodus) longer than the young cane, There are also books (nodes) and also there aksilar, the direction perpendicular to the stem grows (Homo) that if him straight up, kind of stem that is clear stemed plants with this type of stem rushes (Calamus), ie stem-like grass but has sections Longer-section, has a monopodial branching pattern that is if the main stem is always evident because the larger and longer (pertumbuhanya faster) than the branches (Tjitrosoepomo, 2011) and have the stem color chartreuse.

CHAPTER V

CLOSING

5.1    Conclusion

From Plant Morphology lab General Observing Some Properties stem that has been done, it can be concluded that the length of the stem is generally shaped like a round cylinder or can be another form, consisting of sections (internodus), each of which is limited by the books (nodes) . generally not green but short-lived plants, or when the stems are young. Always held a branching stem always grew longer and eventually those proven in the lab when there mudaa stems will leaf (primordia).

5.2      Suggestion

As for advice to the practitioner so serious in practice and remain in their own group. And can use the best possible wakttu for example by dividing the tasks in order to complete the lab more quickly complete an interim report.

REFERENCES

Anonymous, 2011. Taxonomy Plant. http:// ocw. usu. ac.id / course / download / 811-Taksonomi-Tumbuhan/pab_212_-_bagian_lain_pada_tumbuhan_-_ metamorfosis_akar_-_batang_dan_daun.pdf . Retrieved Saturday, November 22, 2013 at 12:27 pm.

Kusdianti, 2012. Morphology of Plants. http :/ / file. upi. edu / Directory / FPMIPA / JUR._PEND._BIOLOGI/196402261989032-R._KUSDIANTI / Handout_ mortum_1.pdf. . Retrieved Saturday, November 22, 2013 at 12:27 pm.

Moertolo, Ali. 1999. Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan. Malang: UN Malang.

Rosanti,  Dewi. 2013. Morfologi Tumbuhan. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Tjitrosomo, Siti Sutarmi, 1983. Botani Umum 1. Bandung: Angkasa.

Tjitrosoepomo, Gembong. 2011. Morfologi Tumbuhan. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.